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Statistics In Urdu Hindi Graphs for Quantitative Data in Hindi Urdu Graphs for Quantitative Data in Hindi Urdu
Scatter plot
Histogram
Measures of Central Tendency
Data, in nature, has a tendency to cluster around a central value.
That central value condenses the large mass of data into a single representative figure.
The central value can be obtained from sample values (called statistic) and population observations (called parameter).
Definition: Average is an attempt to find a single figure to describe a group of figures. (Clark, A famous Statistician)
Objectives for the study of measures of central tendency
Two main objectives:
To get one single value that represents the entire data.
To facilitate comparison among different data sets.
Characteristics of a Good Average
According to the statisticians Yule and Kendall, an average will be termed good or efficient if it possesses the following characteristics:
Should be easily understandable.
Should be rigidly defined.
It means that the definition should be so clear that the interpretation of the definition does not differ from person to person.
Should be mathematically expressed
Should be easy to calculate.
Should be based on all the values of the variable.
This means that in the formula for average all the values of the variable should be incorporated.
Characteristics of a Good Average
The value of average should not change significantly along with the change in sample.
This means that the values of the averages of different samples of the same size drawn from the same population should have small variations. In other words, an average should possess sampling stability.
Should be suitable for further mathematical treatment.
The average should be unduly affected by extreme values.
This means that the formula for average should be such, that it does not show large due to the presence of one or two very large or very small values of the variable.
Different Measures of Central Tendency or Averages
Mathematical Averages
Arithmetic Mean or simply Mean or average
Geometric Mean
Harmonic Mean
Positional Averages
Median
Mode
In this lecture we will focus only on the first measures of central tendency which is called Arithmetic Mean.
Arithmetic Mean (or Simply Mean)
It is the most popular and well known measure of central tendency.
It can be used with both discrete and continuous data.
Calculation: The mean is equal to the sum of all the values in the data set divided by the number of values in the data set.
LECTURE IN URDU ,IN URD ,IN HINDI ,VU
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